7 Children are more likely to have learning and behaviour problems when living with parents who struggle with mental health or substance abuse problems. Research has shown that the quality of exchanges between caregiver and infant serves as the foundation for the infant’s signaling system and influences the child’s subsequent mental and physical health, especially the child’s capacity to interact with others and the development of neural pathways for language and higher cognitive functions. A series of studies spanning 2 decades shows that neglect, abuse, or parenting compromised by depression or substance abuse influence the development of the child’s brain and biologic pathways. 5 Poor caregiver-infant interactions compromise the formation of neural circuits and pathways. The Early Years Study 2 summarized the research on the effects of violence and neglect on early brain development. Data from McCain et al, 5 Statistics Canada, 6 Rutter, 7 and Bretherton.
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